Under authority of the Federal Meat, Poultry and Egg Products Inspection Acts, Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the USDA inspects and monitors all meat, poultry and egg products sold in interstate and foreign commerce to ensure compliance with mandatory US food safety standards and inspection legislation.联邦肉类，家禽及蛋产品检验法令食物安全及检验局 (FSIS的美国农业部)的检查和监控所有的肉类，家禽及蛋制品外国商业和跨州销售，以确保遵守强制性标准，美国食品安全检查的立法。
The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1967 i of 1968 requires more than 3,000 state inspected processing in 26 states to meet standards that are “at least equal to” standards for federally inspected plants.联邦肉类检验法1967年1968年我的状态，需要3000多个检查在26个国家的加工，以满足植物的标准是“至少等于”标准联邦检查。 However, the law inhibits the state inspected plants from selling meat and poultry and specialty products, such as sausage, pizza and jerky, across state lines, a privilege enjoyed by foreign and federally inspected competitors.不过，法律抑制状态检查出售的肉类和家禽和特种产品，如香肠，比萨饼和肉干厂，跨州，外国和联邦检查的竞争对手享有特权。
Establishments have the option to apply for Federal or State inspection.机构已选择在联邦或州申请检验。 Under the agreement, a State's program must enforce requirements "at least equal to" those imposed under the Federal Meat and Poultry Products Inspection Acts.根据协议，一个国家的程序必须执行的要求“至少等于”根据联邦肉类和家禽产品检验规定的行为。 However, product produced under State inspection is limited to intrastate commerce.然而，根据国家检验产品生产仅限于州内贸易。 FSIS provides up to 50% of the State's operating funds, as well as training and other assistance. FSIS的提供多达50国的营运资金%，以及培训和其他援助。
Inspection of Meat and Poultry ii肉类和家禽检查第二
USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is responsible for inspecting most meat, poultry, and processed egg products for safety, wholesomeness, and proper labeling.美国农业部食品安全检验局(FSIS)负责检查大多数肉类，家禽，并负责安全加工蛋制品，的卫生，和适当的标签。 Federal inspectors or their state counterparts are present at all times in virtually all slaughter plants and for at least part of each day in establishments that further process meat and poultry products.联邦检查人员或他们的对手是目前国家在几乎所有屠宰厂的所有时间和每天至少有部分机构，进一步加工肉类和禽类产品。 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for ensuring the safety of all other foods, including seafood, and for animal drugs and feed ingredients.美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)负责确保所有其他食品的安全，包括海鲜，并负责动物药品和饲料原料。
States are important partners in the meat inspection system .各国都在重要的合作伙伴肉类检查制度 。 The 1967 Federal Meat Inspection Act and the 1968 Wholesome Poultry Products Act established a state-federal cooperative inspection program which requires state inspection programs to be “at least equal to” the federal program. 1967年的联邦肉类检验法和1968年尔瑟姆家禽产品法建立了国家，联邦合作社视察计划，需要国家检验的方案是“至少等于”的联邦计划。 Twenty-eight states currently have their own meat and poultry inspection programs serving about 2,000 small or very small establishments. 28个国家目前有自己的肉类和家禽的检查方案约2000小或非常小的服务机构。 In approximately one-third of the states with inspection programs, the state inspectors provide inspection coverage for both federal and state facilities under a program known as Talmidge/Aiken Act (T/A).在大约一个与第三国的检查方案，国家督学提供联邦和州设施等作为Talmidge /艾肯法(Ŧ称为程序检查覆盖/甲)。 The 1962 Talmidge/Aiken Act was designed to “avoid duplication of functions, facilities, and personnel and to attain closer coordination and greatern effectiveness and economy of administration of federal and state laws.” Nine of the current 28 states with inspection programs have cooperative T/A agreements with FSIS, covering a total of 307 federally inspected plants. 1962年Talmidge /艾肯法的目的是要“避免职能，设施重复，人员，并实现更密切的协调和greatern有效性和联邦及州法律管理经济。”目前28州中有九个检查计划合作Ŧ /阿与FSIS的协议，总占地307联邦政府视察工厂。 Further, FSIS routinely calls on the states to assist them under a cross-utilization cooperative agreement similar to the Talmaidage/Aiken agreement.此外，FSIS的经常呼吁协助下跨利用他们的合作协议类似Talmaidage /艾肯协议的国家。
State and local government food safety programs currently conduct more than 80 percent of the food establishment inspections, respond to and manage the majority of food emergencies in the Nation, and conduct the majority of food products testing for bacteriological or chemical contamination.国家和地方政府的食品安全计划目前进行的食肆巡查百分之八十以上，答复和处理紧急情况的食品在全国多数，并进行细菌的食物或化学污染检测的大部分产品。 There has never been a documented food illness from state-inspected meat and poultry products.从来没有一个生病的状态记录食物视察肉类和家禽产品。[page]
Statutory Authorities法定机构
The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 iii requires USDA to inspect all cattle, sheep, swine, goats, and horses brought into any plant to be slaughtered and processed into products for human consumption.联邦肉类检验法要求美国农业部1906年第三检查所有牛，羊，猪，山羊，种植任何马匹带入到屠宰加工和消费产品的人进入。 The 1957 Poultry Products Inspection Act iv made poultry inspection mandatory for any domesticated birds intended for use as human food. 1957年家禽产品检验法四取得家禽的检查，必须使用作为人类食物为目的的任何驯化的鸟类。 The current list of species includes chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, guineas, ratites (ostrich, emu, and rhea), and squabs (pigeons up to one month old).目前的物种名单中包括鸡，火鸡，鸭，鹅，几内亚，平胸鸟(鸵鸟，鸸鹋，和瑞亚)和squabs(鸽子长达1个月大)。
The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 was amended by the 1967 Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA) v and the 1968 Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA) vi .在肉类检验法1906年进行了修改，1967年联邦肉类检验法(FMIA)v和1968年家禽产品检验法(PPIA) 六 。 These 1967 and 1968 acts established the state-federal cooperative inspection program which require state inspection programs to be “at least equal to” the federal inspection program. 1967年和1968年，这些行为成立的联邦政府与各州合作考察计划，需要国家的检查计划将“至少等同于”联邦检查计划。 However, the laws also limit products receiving state inspection to distribution solely within that state.但是，法律还限制只在该州获得国家免检产品的分销渠道。 The states run the programs cooperatively with FSIS, which provides 50 percent of the funds for operating them.各州运行与FSIS的合作，提供它们的经营资金百分之五十的方案。 No other agricultural commodity (fruits, vegetables, grain, and dairy products) have similar restrictions to interstate commerce.没有任何其他农产品(水果，蔬菜，粮食，奶制品)必须州际商务类似的限制。
Inspection Program Basics检查计划入门
The 1967 and 1968 Acts stressed the need for cooperation between state and federal authorities, and gave USDA clear responsibility for setting a national standard for meat and poultry inspection. 1967年和1968年的法令强调，国家之间合作的必要性和联邦当局，并设置了美国农业部对肉类和家禽的检验国家标准明确责任。 USDA is required to monitor state programs and to assume direct responsibility at state plants if a state fails to develop or effectively enforce inspection requirements "at least equal to" those under the federal acts.美国农业部要求监督国家方案，并在承担国家植物直接责任，如果一个国家不发展或有效地执行检查要求“至少等于”根据联邦采取的行动。 USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) annually certifies that each state inspection program is “at least equal to” federal inspection requirements.美国农业部食品安全检验局(FSIS)证明，每个国家每年检查计划是“至少等同于”联邦检查的要求。 This is verified by an FSIS review of each state's self-assessment attesting to program compliance along with supporting documentation and results of comprehensive reviews of state inspection programs.这是由每个国家的自我评估FSIS的证明方案连同支持文件和国家方案的综合评价结果检查遵守情况的审查核实。 Today, there are no real distinctions between state and federal inspection requirements.今天，有州政府和联邦政府之间的检查要求没有真正的区别。 In fact, many states impose inspection requirements more stringent than USDA.事实上，许多国家对美国农业部的检验要求较严格。 FSIS has been conducting these “equal to” reviews since passage of the Acts in 1967 and 1968. FSIS的一直在进行，因为在1967年和1968年通过的这些行为进行“检讨”相等。 Since that time, the agency has never unilaterally found that a state inspection program should be discontinued due to inadequacies in its inspection program.自那时以来，该机构一直没有发现，一个国家单方面检查计划应当停止在其检查计划因不足之处。
State Meat and Poultry Inspection Programs国家肉类及家禽检查程序
Each state that operates a meat or poultry inspection program must submit an annual selfassessment, including supporting documentation, addressing nine specific components.每个州的经营肉类或家禽的检查方案必须提交一份年度selfassessment，包括支持性文件，涉及9个具体的组成部分。
The following states have state programs:下列国家有国家的方案：
State Programs 国家计划
Alabama亚拉巴马 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Arizona亚利桑那 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Delaware特拉华州 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Georgia格鲁吉亚 Meat only肉类只
Illinois伊利诺伊 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Indiana印地安那 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Iowa艾奥瓦 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Kansas堪萨斯 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Louisiana路易斯安那州 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Maine缅因 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Minnesota明尼苏达 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Mississippi密西西比 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Missouri密苏里州 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽[page]
Montana蒙大拿 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
New Mexico新墨西哥州 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
North Carolina北卡罗莱纳州 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
North Dakota北达科他州 Meat only肉类只
Ohio俄亥俄 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Oklahoma俄克拉荷马 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
South Carolina南卡罗来纳州 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
South Dakota南达科他州 Meat only肉类只
Texas德州 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Utah犹他州 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Vermont佛蒙特 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Virginia弗吉尼亚 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
West Virginia西弗吉尼亚州 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
Wisconsin威斯康星 Meat & Poultry肉类和家禽
The method of state oversight was established in 1987 vii .监督法的国家是成立于1987年七 。 This Directive is designed to “be a single source of information on the policies and procedures for the management and administration of the State-Federal Cooperative Inspection Program.”本指令旨在“是对的政策和管理和国家联邦合作检查项目管理程序的信息的唯一来源。”
The annual self-assessment is a detailed document which provides for a review of nine basic items: (1) statutory authority and food safety regulations; (2) inspection; (3) product sampling; (4) staffing and training; (5) humane handling laws and regulations; (6) other consumer protection; (7) enforcement regulations; (8) civil rights requirements; and (9) funding and financial accountability requirements.一年一度的自我评估是一份详细的文件，为九年：基本项目的审查规定(一)法定权限和食品安全法规;(2)检查;(3)产品抽样;(4)人员配备和培训;(5)人道处理的法律和法规;(六)其他消费者保护;(七)实施细则(8)规定的公民权利;(九)资金和财务问责的要求。
Oversight and Review监督和审查
USDA is required by law to monitor state programs and to assume direct responsibility at state plants if a state fails to develop or effectively enforce inspection requirements that are “at least equal to” federal requirements. viii美国农业部要求依法监督国家方案，并承担直接责任的国家植物在有一个国家不发展或有效地执行检查的要求是“至少等同于”联邦的要求。㈧
First, FSIS provides the directors of state cooperative inspection programs with a copy of the FSIS Manual for State Meat and Poultry Inspection Program Reviews which includes a Self-Assessment instrument.首先，食品安全检验局FSIS的方案，提供了一份董事视察国家合作手册国家肉类及家禽检查计划的意见 ，其中包括一个自我评估的工具。 To be deemed “at least equal-to” the federal program, a state program must address all components included in the self-assessment and submit the completed form, with all supporting documentation, to the FSIS Review Staff Director along with a signed Certificate of Program Compliance.要被视为“至少等于到”联邦计划，国家计划必须解决所有的组件在自我评估，并提交包括填妥的表格，所有证明文件，向FSIS的审查工作人员主任一起签署证书方案的遵守。 Each state program must submit an annual update of the self-assessment to FSIS on or before November 15th of each year.每个国家方案必须提交一份自我评估每年更新，或对食品安全检验局在每年11月前15日。
Second, FSIS will conduct a review of the state's inspection program.其次，FSIS的将进行国家的检查计划进行检讨。 This review consists of an FSIS verification of the state's self-assessment instrument, and supporting documentation, followed by an on-site review of the state program.这项审查是由一个国家的自我评估工具FSIS的验证和证明文件，由国家方案的现场审查。 The FSIS review team conducts on-site audits by reviewing the state offices and a sample of state meat and poultry plants to verify the state program is operating as described by the self-assessment document. FSIS的审查小组进行的通过审查国家机关，又是国家的肉类和家禽的植物样本，以验证的国家方案的现场审计是由经营自我评估文件中所描述。 This process may require several weeks to complete.这个过程可能需要几个星期才能完成。 After reviewing the results, FSIS will certify that the state's cooperative inspection program either meets or does not meet the “at least equal-to” requirements.经检讨结果，食品安全检验局将会证明，国家的检查计划或合作符合或不符合“至少等于对”的要求。
As noted earlier, FSIS has been conducting “equal to” reviews since passage of the Acts in 1967 and 1968.如前所述，食品安全检验局一直在进行“平等，因为在1967年和1968年通过的法令，以”审查。 Since that time, the agency has never unilaterally found that a state inspection program should be discontinued due to inadequacies in its inspection program.自那时以来，该机构一直没有发现，一个国家单方面检查计划应当停止在其检查计划因不足之处。 In the mid-1990's, two state programs closed—Florida and Hawaii—because there was a financial incentive to have USDA pay 100 percent of the program operating costs.在90年代中期，两个国家计划关闭，佛罗里达州和夏威夷，因为那里有一个财务奖励方案美国农业部支付经营成本百分之百。 Meanwhile, three other states—North Dakota, Missouri, and Maine—recently started new programs.与此同时，其他三个州，北达科他州，密苏里州和缅因州，最近开始的新方案。[page]
Enhanced Oversight and Review Activity加强监督和考察活动
The 2002 Farm Bill contained report language supporting interstate shipment of state-inspected meat and poultry products and required USDA to conduct a new, additional comprehensive review of state inspection programs. 2002年农业法案中报告的语言支持国有检查肉类和家禽产品，并要求美国农业部进行一个新的，额外的国家检查计划的全面审查州际运输。 USDA began these reviews in spring/summer 2003.美国农业部开始在春天，这些评论/ 2003年夏季。 In fall 2004, FSIS updated its policy and procedures for reviewing state inspection programs, including the new FSIS Manual for State Meat and Poultry Inspection Program Reviews that further strengthened testing and training requirements.在2004年秋季，FSIS的更新审查状态检查方案，包括新的食品安全检验局手册国家肉类及家禽检查计划的意见，进一步加强测试和培训需求的政策和程序。 FSIS issued an Interim Report in June 2005 which found that state inspection programs are “at least equal to” federal inspection. FSIS的2005年6月发表的中期报告发现，国家检验方案“至少等同于”联邦检查。 This review data continues to demonstrate that state inspection programs are highly effective and provide consumers with a wholesome, unadulterated food product that is properly labeled and safe.这次审查的数据继续表明该国是高度有效的检查方案，并为消费者提供健康的，十足的粮食产品，适当标签和安全的。 At a minimum, this review data adds a margin of safety to the state inspection process.至少，这次审查的数据增加了对国家安全保证金检查过程。
Prior to the development of the FSIS Manual for State Meat and Poultry Inspection Program Reviews, FSIS required each state to submit an annual State Performance Plan ix .之前，回顾发展的FSIS的手册国家肉类及家禽检查计划，食品安全检验局要求每个国家每年提交国家绩效计划九 。 This directive was before the passage of the Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points (HACCP) x , so many food safety measures now required of establishments were absent from the earlier directive.此指令)的HACCP体系通过之前的危害分析与关键控制点(x，所以现在很多食品安全的措施要求对缺席单位从以前的指令。 Now, more emphasis is given to eliminating or preventing food borne illness pathogens and verifying this control through laboratory testing.现在，更多的重点放在消除或防止食物源性疾病的病原体通过实验室测试和验证这种控制。 The current process of self-assessments and on-site reviews are also more structured and comprehensive.自我评估和现场审查目前的进程，也更有条理和全面。 Each state program is required to perform an in-depth internal audit of its program and FSIS reviewers, trained in the latest food safety system evaluation methodology, have specific guidance for verifying state program implementation.每个州的方案是需要执行一项深入的审评程序和FSIS在最新的食物安全系统评估方法的培训，内部审计，对国家计划的执行情况核查的具体指导。
Interstate Shipment州际货运
The 1967 and 1968 Meat and Poultry Inspection Acts prohibit state-inspected products (beef, poultry, pork, lamb and goat) from being sold in interstate commerce. 1967年和1968年肉类和家禽检查行为的禁止状态视察产品(牛肉，家禽，猪肉，羊肉，羊)被出售州际贸易。 However, the prohibition does not apply to “non-amenable” products—such as venison, pheasant, quail, rabbit, alligator and a host of other meats.然而，禁令并不适用于“不适合”的产品，如鹿肉，野鸡，鹌鹑，兔，鳄鱼以及其他肉类的主机。 With the exception of voluntary inspection offered by FSIS for a fee, these products are normally regulated by the state inspection programs yet, can be shipped in interstate commerce without restriction.随着由FSIS提供有偿自愿检查外，这些产品通常受国家检查计划的是，可以在不受任何限制州际贸易发运。
State-inspected meat and poultry are the only commodities that are restricted from sale across state lines.国家检查肉类和家禽是正在从跨州销售只限于商品。 Other commodities, such as milk, dairy products, fruit, vegetables, fish, shellfish, and complex canned products, which are inspected under state jurisdiction, are allowed to be marketed freely throughout the US其他商品，如牛奶，奶制品，水果，蔬菜，鱼类，贝类，以及复杂的罐头产品，是国家管辖下的检验，被允许可以自由地在美国各地销售
Legislation to allow interstate shipment of state-inspected meat and poultry products has been introduced and debated in Congress for more than a decade.立法，允许国有检查肉类和家禽制品的州际运输已经制定，在国会辩论了超过10年。
The 1996 Farm Bill required USDA to submit recommendations to Congress on the steps necessary to achieve interstate meat shipment. 1996年农业法案要求美国农业部提交必要的步骤向国会提出建议，以实现州际肉装运。 Following public hearings, USDA developed a concept paper for a legislative proposal, which was reviewed and approved by USDA's National Advisory Committee on Meat and Poultry Inspection.经过公开听证会，美国农业部制定了一项立法建议，这是审查和美国农业部的国家咨询委员会的肉类和家禽检查批准了概念文件。
Draft legislation based on the concept paper was written by USDA and transmitted to the Senate by then-Vice President Al Gore.立法草案的概念文件是由美国农业部和书面转交当时的副总统戈尔向参议院基础。 A bill to allow interstate shipment (S. 1988) was subsequently introduced in November 1999 by Sens. Tom Daschle (D-SD) and Orrin Hatch (RUT) with twenty-two cosponsors.一个法案，允许跨州运输(南1988)，其后在1999年11月推出的参议员汤姆达施勒等(D - SD)和奥林哈奇(车辙)与2002年的共同提案国。[page]
At Senate Agriculture Committee hearings in April 2000, USDA Deputy Secretary Richard Rominger testified for the department and supported removing the ban on interstate meat在参议院农业委员会2000年4月在听证会上，美国农业部副部长理查德罗明杰作证的部门，并支持取消对州际肉类禁令
shipment.装运。
As noted earlier, the 2002 Farm Bill included report language supporting the merits of interstate meat shipment and required USDA to conduct a new, comprehensive review of state inspection如前所述，2002年的农业法案，包括报告的语言支持的跨州运送肉类的优点，并要求美国农业部进行一个新的，全面检讨国家免检
programs.方案。 The language states:语言的国家：
“The goal of providing a safe, wholesome, abundant and affordable supply of meat and meat food products throughout the US is achieved, in part, through the role played by both state and federal food safety inspection systems. “的目标提供一个安全，健康，丰富的产品供应和负担得起的肉类和肉类食品在整个美国实现部分，通过检查系统的安全所发挥的作用，州和联邦食品。 The state and federal meat inspection programs should continue to function together to create an inspection system that ensures food safety and increases consumer confidence in the food supply in both intrastate and interstate commerce. 该州和联邦肉类检查方案应继续发挥作用，共同创造一个检查制度，确保粮食安全，提高消费者的信任和州际商务的粮食供应在这两个州内。 These goals cannot be met in the absence of viable state meat inspection programs that help foster the participation of smaller establishments in the food production economy.” 这些目标不能得到满足的情况下在经济可行的国家肉类检查计划，帮助促进生产的较小型机构参与的食品。“
Three USDA Advisory Committees have recommended that the ban on interstate shipment be removed: USDA's Advisory Committee on Agricultural Concentration (June 1996); USDA's National Commission on Small Farms (January 1998); and the National Advisory Committee on Meat and Poultry Inspection (NACMPI), (May 1998 and June 2002).三美国农业部咨询委员会已建议对州际运输禁令被删除：美国农业部的咨询委员会农业浓度(1996年6月)，对小农场(1998年1月)美国农业部的全国委员会，以及国家咨询委员会肉类和家禽检查(NACMPI) (1998年5月和2002年6月)。
Development of a Risk-Based Inspection System开发一个基于风险的检测系统
In the 1980's and 1990's there was much debate about whether the meat and poultry inspection programs, which were first designed in the early 1900's, had kept pace with changes in the food production and marketing industries, and with perceived hazards—whether naturally occurring or intentionally caused by human intervention.在20世纪80年代和90年代有许多辩论是否肉类和家禽的检查方案，首先在1900年代初期设计的，一直与在食品生产和销售业的转变步伐，被认为具有危险，无论是自然发生的或故意所造成的人为干预。
Traditional inspection under the original meat and poultry statutes provided constant organoleptic inspection (sight-smell-touch) at slaughter operations and daily inspection of sample products and operations at processing plants.根据原来的肉类和家禽的法例中不断提供感官检验检查(视力，嗅觉，触觉)在屠宰业务和产品的抽样检查，并在日常业务处理厂。 In the early 1990's, food safety officials recognized that most food borne illness traced to meat and poultry products were caused by naturally occurring microbiological contamination that was not adequately addressed by the traditional sight-smell-touch-based system of inspection.在90年代初，食品安全官员承认，大部分食源性疾病追溯至肉类和禽类产品是由天然微生物污染，没有充分的传统观光无味触摸式检查系统处理造成的。 Thus, USDA began to add testing for pathogenic bacteria on various species and products to the inspection system.因此，美国农业部开始增加对各种致病细菌种类和产品测试，以检查制度。 This “modernization” of the meat and poultry inspection system was based on the principles of reducing the “risks” of food borne disease to consumers.这种“现代化的肉类和家禽的检查制度”的基础上减少“风险”食物源性疾病对消费者的原则。 In order to maintain “equal to” status, state programs have been required to enact these same measures.为了保持“等于”的地位，需要国家方案已经制定同样的措施。
Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points (HACCP) System危害分析与关键控制点(HACCP)系统
In 1996, USDA finalized a sweeping new risk reduction system called Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP). 1996年，美国农业部完成了全面的新的风险降低系统，称为危害分析和关键控制点 (HACCP体系)。 Under this system, meat processing establishments must analyze risks in each phase of production, identifying and then monitoring “critical control points” for preventing such hazards, and taking corrective actions when necessary.根据这一制度，肉类加工企业必须分析每个生产阶段的风险，确定，并监督“为防止这种危害的关键控制点”，并在必要时采取纠正行动。 Record keeping and verification are used to ensure that the system is working.记录和核查，以确保使用该系统的工作。 Since January 2000, all slaughter and processing operations are required to have HACCP plans in place.自2000年1月，所有屠宰加工业务须有HACCP在制订计划。 HACCP is intended to operate as an additional measure of safety to the traditional methods of inspection, which are still mandatory under the original statutes. HACCP体系的目的是要作为一个额外的安全检查措施，以传统方法，它仍在原来的强制性法规。[page]
Under HACCP regulations, all operations must have site-specific standard operating procedures (SOPs) for sanitation.根据HACCP的规定，所有行动必须有特定地点的卫生标准作业程序(SOP)。 State or federal inspectors check records to verify a plant's compliance.州或联邦检查人员检查记录，以验证一种植物的遵守情况。 The HACCP rule also mandates two types of microbial testing: for generic E. Coli and for Salmonella. HACCP的规则还授权两种微生物测试类型：仿制大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌。 Test results help FSIS inspectors verify that plant sanitation procedures are working, and to identify and assist plants whose process control may be under performing.试验结果有助于食品安全检验局检查人员核实，植物卫生程序运作，并确定和协助工厂的过程控制，可根据演出。 In the initial years of HACCP implementation, plants that failed three consecutive Salmonella sample sets could have their USDA inspectors withdrawn.在HACCP的实施，植物，没有连续3沙门氏菌样本集的最初几年可能有其美国农业部督察撤回。 This would effectively shut down the plant until the problem could be remedied.这将有效地关闭，直到问题处理厂将予以纠正。 However, a federal court case (Supreme Beef) xi in 2000, upheld on appeal in 2001, ruled that USDA did not have such enforcement authority.但是，联邦法院案件(最高法院牛肉)在2000年十一 ，上诉维持在2001年裁定，美国农业部没有这样的执法权威。 USDA has adopted the position that the court decision did not affect the agency's ability to use the standards as part of the verification of plants' sanitation and HACCP plans.美国农业部已经采取的立场，法院的判决并没有影响该机构的能力，以作为对植物的卫生和HACCP计划验证的一部分的标准。 FSIS inspectors still test samples for Salmonella and use the results as one of a number of indicators of plant performance. FSIS的检查人员还是测试沙门氏菌样本，并以此作为一种植物的性能指标排名第一的结果。
Additional Regulatory Safeguards进一步的监管保障
Important federal regulatory programs have been effectively applied in recent years to improve all segments of the Nation's extensive food safety system, including food production and distribution chain, animal and plant husbandry, production, transportation, and preparation.重要的联邦监管方案已得到有效应用，近年来，以改善所有国家的食品安全系统领域广泛，包括粮食生产和分配链，动物和植物的饲养，生产，运输和准备。 Under the risk-based HACCP system, FSIS now has years of food safety testing/verification data that provides timely information to both consumers and industry.根据风险为本的HACCP体系，食品安全检验局目前拥有多年食品安全检测/验证数据，提供及时的信息提供给消费者和工业。 USDA continues to develop additional strategies and approaches to address new hazards, technology improvements, and scientific advances.美国农业部继续发展新的策略和方法来解决新的危险，技术进步和科学的进步。 Other initiatives being implemented in the federal food safety inspection system are outlined below.其他措施正在实施中的联邦食品安全检查系统概述如下。 It is important to remember that in order to重要的是要记住，为了
maintain “equal to” status, state programs have been required to enact these same维持“等于”的地位，需要国家方案已经制定这些相同
measures.措施。
In October 1994, FSIS began testing samples of raw ground beef for E. coli O157:H7 and declared that any such product found with this pathogen would be considered adulterated — the first time a foodborne pathogen on raw product was declared an adulterant under the meat inspection law. 1994年10月，FSIS的开始测试对大肠杆菌O157生绞碎牛肉样本：H7型，并宣布，任何此类产品，这一病菌的发现将被视为掺假 - 第一次对原产品的食源性致病菌被宣布为伪品下的肉检验法等。 In October 2002 the agency published a notice requiring manufacturers of all raw beef products to reassess their HACCP plans and add control points for E. coli O157:H7 if the reassessment showed that the pathogen was a likely hazard in the facility's operations. 2002年10月发表了一份通知，要求所有生牛肉产品的制造商重新评估他们的HACCP计划，并增加对大肠杆菌O157控制点：H7型的机构，如果重新评估表明，病原体是在该设施的运作可能造成危险。 The changes at all operations were required to be complete by April 2003.在所有业务的变化需要由2003年4月完成。
In June 2003, FSIS announced an interim final rule to reduce Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) in ready-to-eat (RTE) meats (eg cold cuts and hot dogs). 2003年6月，食品安全检验局宣布了一项临时最终法规，以减少现成的吃李斯特菌(马镑)(RTE)的肉(如热狗和冷盘)。 The new regulation requires plants that process RTE foods to add control measures specific to Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) to their HACCP and sanitation plans, and to verify their effectiveness by testing and disclosing the results to FSIS.新规定要求即食食品厂，过程控制措施的具体补充，以李斯特菌(LM)的他们的HACCP和卫生计划，并通过测试和验证的结果，食品安全检验局披露其有效性。 The rule directs FSIS inspectors to conduct random tests to verify establishments' programs.该规则指示FSIS的核查人员进行随机测试，以验证机构的服务计划。 Plants are subject to different degrees of FSIS verification testing depending upon what type of control steps they adopt in their HACCP and sanitation plans.植物是受FSIS的验证测试不同程度取决于什么类型的控制措施，他们在通过HACCP和卫生计划。[page]
In February 2006, FSIS announced a comprehensive initiative to reduce the presence of Salmonella in raw meat and poultry products. 2006年2月，食品安全检验局宣布了一项全面的倡议，以减少沙门氏菌在生肉和家禽产品的存在。 FSIS will now provide the results of its Salmonella performance standard testing to establishments as soon as they become available on a sampleby-sample basis. FSIS的现在将提供其沙门氏菌性能标准测试的结果，各机构，尽快为他们成为一个样品中，样品的基础上提供。 This will enable establishments to more readily identify and respond to needed process control in the slaughter-dressing operation.这将使机构，更容易识别和响应需要在屠宰，选矿作业过程控制。
Food Security and Emergency Preparedness粮食安全和应急准备
Since September 11, 2001, there has been increased concern about the potential for a terrorist attack on US agriculture and food supply.自2001年9月11日以来，约增加了一对美国农业和食品供应的恐怖袭击的担忧。 USDA and FSIS have taken numerous steps to increase oversight of meat and poultry safety.美国农业部和FSIS采取了许多措施，以提高肉类和家禽的安全监督。 In August 2002, FSIS made security guidelines available to food processors; and it unveiled a new Food Emergency Response Network (FERN) Division in February 2005. 2002年8月，FSIS的安全准则提供了食物处理器，并在2005年2月推出了一个新的粮食紧急反应网络(蕨类)部。 In April 2005, FSIS announced the availability of model food security plans and training for meat and poultry plants to help strengthen security measures and prevent potential acts of intentional contamination. 2005年4月，食品安全检验局宣布，模型粮食安全计划和对肉类和家禽工厂培训，帮助加强安全保卫措施，防止潜在的故意污染行为的可用性。
Import Inspection进口检验
In a manner similar to its reviews of state meat inspection programs, FSIS conducts overseas evaluations to determine that meat imports from foreign countries are processed under “equivalent” inspection systems.类似的方式向国家肉类检查计划的审查，食品安全检验局进行评估，以确定在海外，从国外进口肉类是根据“等效”检查系统处理。 Agency officials also verify equivalency by visiting various foreign slaughtering and processing operations.该机构官员也证实了来访的各种外国屠宰和加工作业当量。 A plant seeking to export meat or poultry to the United States must first receive FSIS certification.甲工厂寻求出口肉类或家禽，美国必须首先得到FSIS的认证。
At US ports of entry, meat and poultry import shipments must first clear Department of Homeland Security (DHS) inspection to assure that only shipments from countries free of certain animal and human disease hazards are allowed entry.在美国入境口岸，肉类和家禽进口货物必须首先明确国土安全部(DHS)检查署，以确保各国的某些动物和人类疾病的危险，只需出货量获准入境。 This function was transferred to DHS from USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) when DHS was established in 2002.这个功能被转移到美国国土安全部从美国农业部动植物卫生检验局(APHIS)在美国国土安全部成立于2002年。 After DHS inspection, imported meat and poultry shipments go to nearby FSIS inspection facilities for final clearance into interstate commerce.国土安全部检查后，进口肉类和家禽运输手续，最后去附近的食品安全检验局检验设施进入州际贸易。
Foreign-inspected meat can be shipped to and sold anywhere in the US as long as that country's foreign inspection program is equivalent to US federal standards—in practice the same standard which state-inspected programs must meet.外商视察肉类可以运到，并在美国销售的任何地方，只要该国的外国检验程序，相当于美国联邦标准相同的标准在实践中的国家视察方案必须满足。 However, importing countries do not have either the frequency or thoroughness of USDA oversight that state programs undergo.然而，进口国没有任何的频率或美国农业部进行监督，国有方案彻底。
Imported meat products compose approximately 20 percent of the red meat consumed in the US while state-inspected facilities produce approximately 10 percent of the red meat consumed.进口肉类产品的构成在美国消耗的百分之二十左右的红色肉类，而国有视察设施产生的红色肉类消费的百分之十左右。
Notes: 注释：
ii [http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Regulations_&_Policies/Federal_Meat_Inspection_Act/index.asp] and the Poultry Products Inspection Act [http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Regulations_&_Policies/Poultry_Products_Inspection_Act/index.asp]二[http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Regulations_&_Policies/Federal_Meat_Inspection_Act/index.asp]和家禽产品检验法[http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Regulations_&_Policies/Poultry_Products_Inspection_Act/index.asp]
ii This report was originally produced by the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (NASDA) in 2006.二，本报告原产由国家农业部(国家宇宙开发厅)部门全国协会于2006年。
iii Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906, as amended (21 USC 601 et seq.)三，1906年联邦肉类检验法，经修正(21南加州601起。)
iv 1957 Poultry Products Inspection Act, as amended (21 USC 451 et seq.)四，1957年家禽产品检验法，经修正(21南加州451起。)
v 1967 Federal Meat Inspection Act 4 Stat. v 1967年联邦肉类检验法第4统计。 674 (amended by Pub. L. No. 59-242, 34 Stat. 1260 (1967)) (codified at 21 USC §§ 601 et seq.). 674(修正了酒馆。属无。59-242，34 Stat的。1260(1967))(21南加州大学编纂§ § 601起。)。[page]
vi Poultry Products Inspection Act, 21 USC chapter 10 §§ 451 et seq六，家禽产品检验法，南加州大学第10章21 § § 451及以下
vii FSIS Directive 5720.2 and modified with the re-issuance of the directive in November 2004 (Revision 3)第七FSIS的指令5720.2与重新在2004年11月(第三次修订指令发出修改)
viii FSIS Directive 5720.2 Revision 3 provides a detailed oversight and review strategy composed of two parts.第八FSIS的指令5720.2第三次修订版提供了详细的监督和审查战略两部分组成。
ix FSIS Directive 5720.2 Revision 2 (7/24/92) ㈨FSIS的指令5720.2修订2(7/24/92)
x Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point, or HACCP (pronounced hassip) was adopted by federal agencies via regulation, through current statutory authority. X危险分析和关键控制点，或HACCP(发音hassip)通过了联邦机构通过调节电流通过法定权限。 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) adopted regulations for the low-acid canned food industry.美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)通过了低酸罐头食品行业法规。 FDA also established HACCP for the seafood industry in a final rule December 18, 1995 and for the juice industry in a final rule released January 19, 2001. FDA还建立HACCP体系的海产品行业在最终法规1995年12月18日，为果汁行业的1月19日公布的最终规则，2001年。 In 1998, the US Department of Agriculture established HACCP for meat and poultry processing plants. 1998年，美国农业部建立HACCP体系的肉类和家禽加工厂。 Most of these establishments were required to start using HACCP by January 1999; very small plants had until Jan. 25, 2000.这些机构大多都需要通过1999年1月开始使用HACCP体系;非常小厂，直到2000年1月25日已。 (USDA regulates meat and poultry; FDA all other foods.) (美国农业部规定肉类和家禽; FDA的所有其他食品。)
xi Supreme Beef v. USDA, 5th Cir.第十一最高牛肉诉美国农业部，第五西尔。 Ct. CT检查。 of Appeals, 113 F. Supp.2d 1048, 1052-53 (ND Tex. 2000).上诉，113号萨普0.2 Ð 1048年，1052年至1053年(2000年得克萨斯州不详)。
